Sejarah Pertukaran Mata Uang Asing
Sejak jaman dahulu, manusia telah melakukan perdagangan dengan sekelilingnya untuk berbagai alasan dengan cara sistem barter. Seiring dengan perkembangnya jaman dan peradaban sistem barter ini gugur karena mempunyai banyak kelemahan sehingga
ditemukan sistem – sistem pembayaran yang baru yang sampai pada akhirnya dengan menggunakan uang sebagai alat pertukaran dan pembayaran. Sistem pembayaran dengan menggunakan uang juga mempunyai kelemahan untuk bertransaksi dengan suatu negara yang memiliki jenis mata uang yang berbeda.
Kebutuhan akan nilai tukar timbul karena mata uang suatu negara biasanya tidak diterima sebagai media atau alat tukar di negara lain. Hubungan perdagangan internasional menimbulkan adanya permintaan dan penawaran terhadap beberapa mata uang. Hal ini kemudian menyebabkan perkembangan pada bursa pertukaran mata uang asing, sehingga di perlukan pengatur untuk berjuta-juta transaksi permintaan dan penawaran yang terjadi setiap hari, yang menuju pada penentu nilai tukar mata uang asing.
Sejarah pertukaran/perdagangan mata uang dapat dikatakan setua uang itu sendiri dan baru mendapat perhatian yang serius oleh banyak negara pada dekade terakhir ini. Kalau di tinjau pada dekade standar emas (1880 – pecahnya PD I), pada masa tersebut uang dijamin oleh emas murni yang merupakan standar negara tersebut. Defisit neraca pembayaran akan ditutup dengan transfer emas, hingga mengakibatkan money supply menurun dan harga di luar negeri seakan naik, sehingga hal ini akan meningkatkan ekspor sampai defisit hilang, demikian sebaliknya. Dengan demikian, nilai mata uang relatif stabil.
Sampai PD I, standarisasi emas memungkinkan tercapainya tingkat koreksi yang tinggi terhadap neraca pembayaran. Tetapi, tidak demikian pada saat peperangan, kemungkinan besar karena tumbuhnya serikat-serikat perdagangan dan perusahaan-perusahaan besar, adanya jaminan upah dan harga sehingga tidak mudah menurunkan kecenderungan tersebut, yang berdampak berkurangnya lapangan pekerjaan. Karena membengkaknya pengangguran pada awal 1930-an, standarisasi emas tidak dipakai lagi.
Setelah perang dunia selesai dan depresi ekonomi dunia pada tahun 1930 – an, dunia menginginkan suatu stabilitas ekonomi yang lebih baik. Sehingga Pada tanggal 22 Juli 1944, atas prakarsa dari Amerika Serikat, diadakan suatu konferensi Moneter Internasional yang dikenal dengan : “The Bretton Woods Conference“, yang dihadiri 44 negara. Usulan yang diajukan oleh delegasi Amerika Serikat (White Plan) menyusun rencana-rencana dasar yang disetujui.
Dalam konferensi tersebut, diciptakan suatu system pertukaran mata uang tetap yang disebut dengan “Fixed Exchange Rate System“, yang mempunyai beberapa persamaan dengan standar emas, dimana memuat ketentuan :
1. Tiap negara menetapkan nilai tukarnya terhadap mata uang USD;
2. Amerika menetapkan nilai USD terhadap emas (USD 35/ounce);
3. Amerika akan menjual emas dengan harga tetap kepada pemegang resmi dari mata uang USD;
4. Perubahan nilai tukar mata uang terhadap USD tidak boleh melebihi 1%, bila terpaksa bisa sampai max 10%.
Sejak saat itu negara – negara di dunia serta Amerika mulai tumbuh dengan pesat dan dua tahun setelah konferensi tersebut, didirikan lembaga moneter internasional & Bank Dunia yang kita kenal saat ini dengan IMF (International Monetary Fund) dan Word Bank, untuk mengawasi system tersebut.
Kemudian perubahan terjadi di Amerika, Pada periode tahun 1960-an, defisit neraca pembayaran Amerika memaksa negara tersebut melepaskan cadangan emasnya sebesar USD 18 billion karena Prancis menukarkan USD-nya dengan emas dan di lanjutkan pada periode tahun 1970-an, amerika kembali harus melepaskan cadangan emasnya sebesar USD 11 billion. Buruknya perekonomian Amerika pada waktu itu menyebabkan masyarakat dunia kurang percaya terhadap USD. Dan di negara yang memiliki mata uang yang kuat karena memiliki cadangan emas yang cukup seperti Swiss dan Jerman, mereka menukarkan USD-nya dengan mata uang mereka yaitu CHF dan MDK. Hal ini menyebabkan hutang jangka pendek yang hampir jatuh tempo di Amerika mencapai hampir dua kali cadangan emasnya.
Sistem Bretton Wood hanya mampu bertahan hampir mencapai 30 tahun, pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1971, Presiden Nixon mengumumkan perubahan system nilai tukar untuk USD dengan membiarkan nilai tukarnya mengambang (Floating Exchange Rate System), hal ini ditegaskan kembali dalam suatu konferensi di Washington pada tanggal 17-18 Desember 1971 (SMITHSONIAN CONFERENCE), dari sinilah lahirnya nilai kurs yang mengambang dan berlaku sampai dengan sekarang.
Setelah Presiden Nixon menetapkan nilai mengambang untuk mata uang USD, banyak negara yang memutuskan untuk mengambangkan nilai tukarnya, seperti : Jerman, Inggris, Belanda, bahkan Jepang dan tahun – tahun berikutnya banyak negara di dunia yang membiarkan nilai uangnya mengambang sesuai dengan mekanisme pasar, yaitu kekuatan permintaan dan penawaran.
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Kamis, 07 Mei 2009
Diposting oleh wijanarko di 08.19 0 komentar
Label: Money Heaven
Jumat, 03 April 2009
In 2008, I believe the media in the internet marketing products to Indonesia akan increasing. In addition to a number of them 'be' the internet has increased, also because of the many media and online marketing case study. Ebook-ebook business on the Internet more and more. Courses internet marketing pop. Not to mention the media coverage of the business is based online. My own team, and I never diliput SWA Magazine, Entrepreneur Magazine, Majalah Duit, We Magazines Business, Tabloid Kontan, Jakarta Post newspaper, etc.
Shop Online business opportunity is one business opportunity that you can try. Online store that I mean ne website which is used by business to market its products. Products can be goods or services. But, in this paper I want to focus more on the product item.
How to succeed in business online store?
How many online stores in India that you see? How many of them successful? Not all success is not it?
Developing Key Success Online Store
1. Team Building
Want to shop online besarkah how you build the appropriate team. If you have capital strong, rekrutlah people berkompeten. If you are married, your wife can make as your team. People close to you (relatives) can also become your team. Provide employment to people close to the spiritual strength to be able to make you successful
If it is not possible to build teams, a self-start. You can crawl from the bottom until you are ready and able to recruit a strong team
Without a team, our business will not grow and survive long
2. Create a Website Selling
Website promotion is the main pillars Stores Online. You must have your own website. Web is not free. Should end. Com or. Net, because this is already popular in the community. Yet, the annual cost of domain hosting is only Rp 200,000
Your website must be 'selling'. This means your website must be able to represent you to become a decoy for the sales of the buyer. Website you must be able to persuade a visitor that you be worthy deal. Include the address clearly and easily that no telp contacted. Include photos and product photos that make the visitors believe that you
You must terindek website in search engines, and easily found for keywords related to your product. Use the online store script that search engine script friendly.Tidak all online shops with friendly search engine. Therefore, I prefer to use a blog for online sale of the script that is not friendly with search engines. And I think blog is suitable for beginners. Moreover, for products that are expensive and can not order directly online. Can also be web-blog support for your online store
3. Right Campaign
Who is your prospective customers? Where will you find them? How quickly and precisely find the consumer's search engine (google, yahoo, etc). Is the importance of SEO (search engine optimization)
Another campaign is in line ads, web ads on the many visitors, PPC and online communities. Of course, should be back again "Who are your candidates Consumer"
4. Services
Do a good service. The speed of one of the key. Bermitralah with reliable service delivery. Warranty products are also important. If your business is big, strong team that bentuklah.
5. Mental entrepreneurs Success
Business shop online is the same with the other business. Have a successful mental wirausahaan, among others:
* Abstinence surrender. In any business, there are certain constraints.
* Sabar. Products you may be in demand in the first day, may also be in the first year
* Which face risks. Surely there is a risk. How we live them
* Always look for opportunities. It may be your first business failed. But it's not the end of everything, right? Business opportunities are still many online stores. Please search for opportunities that match your
6. Learning necessary.
Such as what role you want in your online store? That's what you need to learn. You do not have to learn everything.
For example, you want to market. All you need to learn internet marketing and the basics of creating web / blog (do not need html expert). Other areas, you can submit to your team (production of goods, shipments, offline campaigns, etc.)
7. Neither do and do
Infaq good deeds and charity-shodaqoh proportionate straight-profit business with you. It has be confirmed in the Scriptures. Money that we 'remove' akan dibalas tens, even hundreds of times. Can be that day as well, next year or at least in the Hereafter. I already proved this. And this applies to all businesses.
Nah ... That's my tips. This is based on personal experiences lho.
Then, how do actual potential business opportunities is the online store? Wow, if this depends on the product, sales and how you develop the business. For you who have been doing business online, must be estimated. For you who have not yet online business, believe that the only potential outside your estimates at this time
Read More......
Shop Online business opportunity is one business opportunity that you can try. Online store that I mean ne website which is used by business to market its products. Products can be goods or services. But, in this paper I want to focus more on the product item.
How to succeed in business online store?
How many online stores in India that you see? How many of them successful? Not all success is not it?
Developing Key Success Online Store
1. Team Building
Want to shop online besarkah how you build the appropriate team. If you have capital strong, rekrutlah people berkompeten. If you are married, your wife can make as your team. People close to you (relatives) can also become your team. Provide employment to people close to the spiritual strength to be able to make you successful
If it is not possible to build teams, a self-start. You can crawl from the bottom until you are ready and able to recruit a strong team
Without a team, our business will not grow and survive long
2. Create a Website Selling
Website promotion is the main pillars Stores Online. You must have your own website. Web is not free. Should end. Com or. Net, because this is already popular in the community. Yet, the annual cost of domain hosting is only Rp 200,000
Your website must be 'selling'. This means your website must be able to represent you to become a decoy for the sales of the buyer. Website you must be able to persuade a visitor that you be worthy deal. Include the address clearly and easily that no telp contacted. Include photos and product photos that make the visitors believe that you
You must terindek website in search engines, and easily found for keywords related to your product. Use the online store script that search engine script friendly.Tidak all online shops with friendly search engine. Therefore, I prefer to use a blog for online sale of the script that is not friendly with search engines. And I think blog is suitable for beginners. Moreover, for products that are expensive and can not order directly online. Can also be web-blog support for your online store
3. Right Campaign
Who is your prospective customers? Where will you find them? How quickly and precisely find the consumer's search engine (google, yahoo, etc). Is the importance of SEO (search engine optimization)
Another campaign is in line ads, web ads on the many visitors, PPC and online communities. Of course, should be back again "Who are your candidates Consumer"
4. Services
Do a good service. The speed of one of the key. Bermitralah with reliable service delivery. Warranty products are also important. If your business is big, strong team that bentuklah.
5. Mental entrepreneurs Success
Business shop online is the same with the other business. Have a successful mental wirausahaan, among others:
* Abstinence surrender. In any business, there are certain constraints.
* Sabar. Products you may be in demand in the first day, may also be in the first year
* Which face risks. Surely there is a risk. How we live them
* Always look for opportunities. It may be your first business failed. But it's not the end of everything, right? Business opportunities are still many online stores. Please search for opportunities that match your
6. Learning necessary.
Such as what role you want in your online store? That's what you need to learn. You do not have to learn everything.
For example, you want to market. All you need to learn internet marketing and the basics of creating web / blog (do not need html expert). Other areas, you can submit to your team (production of goods, shipments, offline campaigns, etc.)
7. Neither do and do
Infaq good deeds and charity-shodaqoh proportionate straight-profit business with you. It has be confirmed in the Scriptures. Money that we 'remove' akan dibalas tens, even hundreds of times. Can be that day as well, next year or at least in the Hereafter. I already proved this. And this applies to all businesses.
Nah ... That's my tips. This is based on personal experiences lho.
Then, how do actual potential business opportunities is the online store? Wow, if this depends on the product, sales and how you develop the business. For you who have been doing business online, must be estimated. For you who have not yet online business, believe that the only potential outside your estimates at this time
Diposting oleh wijanarko di 08.29 0 komentar
Label: Money Heaven
Rabu, 25 Maret 2009
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Program ini sangat cocok sekali buat kamu yg memiliki web/blog yang isinya untuk didownload, seperti mp3, ebook, video, dll. Di web/blog yg biasa juga bisa kok. misalnya kalo blogmu tentang resep masakan, maka buat salah satu ato beberapa artikelmu dalam file word (doc) misalnya. trus diupload di ziddu trus km buat linknya di web/blog kamu, misal "Download Resep Buat Kue Cucur".
Selain itu kita juga akan mendapatkan $0.1 dari referral kita.
Gimana? Mau ... mau ... mau ???
Diposting oleh wijanarko di 12.37 0 komentar
Label: Money Heaven
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